INTRODUCTION In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen whereas, in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms. The carbonyl compounds in which carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to carbon or hydrogen and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety (-OH) are known as carboxylic acids, while in compounds […]
Class 12 Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids Read More »
INTRODUCTION Alcohols and phenols are formed when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, both aliphatic and aromatic respectively, gets replaced by the –OH group. These classes of compounds find a huge number of applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. For example, the ordinary spirit which we used for polishing wooden
Class 12 Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Read More »
INTRODUCTION The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by a halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group while haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon
Class 12 Chapter 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Read More »
INTRODUCTION We know that transition metals form a large number of complex compounds in which the metal atoms are bound to a number of anions or neutral molecules by sharing electrons. These compounds are also called coordination compounds because they contain coordinate bonds. The chemistry of coordination compounds is an important and challenging area
Class 12 Chapter 9 Coordination compounds Read More »
INTRODUCTION The d-block of the periodic table consists of the elements of groups 3-12 in which the d orbitals are progressively filled in each of the four long periods. The f-block consists of elements in which 4 f and 5 f orbitals are progressively filled. These are placed in a separate panel at the bottom
Class 12 Chapter 8 The d and f – block elements Read More »
INTRODUCTION We have learnt earlier that the p-block elements are placed in groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table. Their valence shell electronic configuration is ns2 np1–6 (except He which has 1s 2 configurations). The properties of p-block elements similar to others are greatly influenced by atomic sizes,
Class 12 Chapter 7 The p- block Elements Read More »
CLASS XII CHAPTER 6 General Principles and isolation INTRODUCTION We have archaeological evidence of the use of different metals since ancient times. Evidence shows that different metals were used in different parts of the country. For example, Harappans used gold, silver and their alloys for making ornaments etc. Recent excavation by the archaeological department
Class 12 Chapter 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Read More »
