INTRODUCTION
The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by a halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group while haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. Most of halogen-containing organic compounds occur in nature and some of these are found to be clinically useful. These organic compounds find wide applications in industry as well as in day-to-day life. They are used as solvents for relatively non-polar compounds and as starting materials for the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds. Chlorine-containing antibiotic, chloramphenicol, produced by microorganisms is very effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Our body produces the iodine-containing hormone, thyroxine, the deficiency of which causes a disease called goitre. Synthetic halogen compounds, like chloroquine, are used for the treatment of malaria; halothane is used as an anaesthetic during surgery. Certain fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery. In this Unit, you will study the important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and uses of organo-halogen compounds.
CONTENT
Classification, Nomenclature, Nature of C–X Bond, Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes, Preparation of Haloarenes, Physical Properties, Chemical Reactions, Polyhalogen Compounds
class 12 chemistry chapter 10 Haloalkenes and Haloarenes