Class 12 Chapter 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

INTRODUCTION

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is bonded to a carbon and hydrogen whereas, in the ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms. The carbonyl compounds in which carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to carbon or hydrogen and oxygen of hydroxyl moiety (-OH) are known as carboxylic acids, while in compounds where carbon is attached to carbon or hydrogen and nitrogen of -NH2 moiety or to halogens are called amides and acyl halides respectively. Esters and anhydrides are derivatives of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids are widely found in plants and animal kingdoms. They play a very important role in major biochemical processes of life. They provide fragrance and flavour to nature, for example, vanillin salicylaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde have very pleasant fragrances.

These are used in many food products and pharmaceuticals to add flavours. Some of these families are manufactured so that they can be used as solvents (i.e., acetone) and for preparing materials like adhesives, paints, resins, perfumes, plastics, fabrics, etc.

CONTENT

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Uses of Carboxylic Acids